Avaliação dos impactos e proposta de indicadores dos resíduos de construção e demolição das obras informais na cidade do Recife

Abstract

Construction and Demolition Waste (RCD) is one of the major urban problems today, since they are generated in significant volumes, and most of the time have an inadequate final destination, triggering a series of environmental, social and economic impacts. Thus, it is essential that CDW management is efficient and capable of minimizing the negative effects of activities in the construction sector. Estimating the generation and composition of CDW plays an important role in developing appropriate and effective approaches to managing these. Thus, the present research aims to establish a rate of generation of cement waste and ceramic bricks for informal buildings and to assess the impacts resulting from the irregular deposition of CDW in areas of socio-environmental vulnerability. For this, the methodology comprised the collection of data and information, on-site visits, application of forms, mapping and photographic records. The data obtained were compiled into maps and graphs that were later discussed and analyzed. The study was based on 5 areas belonging to the Political Administrative Region (RPA3) - where the mapping of points of irregular deposition of CDW was carried out through the survey of geographic coordinates and the assessment of the impacts associated with the irregular disposition of CDW, using the methodology called Leopold's Matrix. To estimate the generation of cement and ceramic brick residues in informal works, a model based on the principle of material balance was used, which quantifies the generation of residues per constructed area. Three types of footprints were also developed, showing the amount of cement and red ceramics incorporated in the works. It was found 85 points of irregular deposition of CDW, distributed in the 5 studied areas. The assessment of environmental impacts showed that the environment most impacted by the irregular deposition of CDW is the anthropic environment, which corresponds to 47% of the total impacts. The estimation of cement and ceramic brick waste generation rates in informal works allowed reaching a generation rate per built area of 6.3 kg/m2. Finally, the cement footprint in the analyzed works ranged from -21.2% (Yellow Footprint) to 28.5% (Red Footprint), on the other hand, the brick footprint ranged from -23.8% (Yellow Footprint) at 40% (Red Footprint). The analysis carried out in this research shows the problem of CDW coming from informal constructions, in hill areas in the city of Recife-PE, serving as a basis for improving the management of these wastes and subsidizing public policies that enable the inclusion of preventive and in the urban planning of these areas.