Indicadores de desenvolvimento sustentável pela caracterização química e tecnológica de corantes, efluentes e lodos provenientes do polo têxtil de Pernambuco

Abstract

The textile industry plays a vital role in the global economy, in Brazil, a country that ranks fifth in world textile production, the sector has proven to be fundamental in generating employment and income. The state of Pernambuco is considered one of the largest industrial textile centers in the country, where several clothing processing activities are carried out. However, to carry out most of its processes, the industry requires the use of an excessive volume of water and, consequently, a large generation of textile effluent. These effluents are of high environmental concern due to their complex chemical content, composed of several inputs, mainly dyes, which are only partially consumed, resulting in the generation of textile sludge and wastewater full of heavy metals, known for their high toxicity and low biodegradability, which can cause harmful effects to humans and the environment. Thus, this research sought to investigate the potential polluting load of various heavy metals, to establish quality indicators in the textile center of Pernambuco. For this, the research was initiated by analyzing and understanding the processing and dyeing process in the laundries, as well as carrying out a survey of the inputs used in the entire production process, including the effluent treatment station. The focus of the analyzes was through the knowledge of which products are used within the studied laundry, in particular the dyes used, and the effluents before and after the ETE (Effluent Treatment Station), being analyzed the following heavy metals: Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Regarding the analysis of effluents carried out, the legal requirements for release were perfectly fulfilled, except for one item, which corresponds to 12.5% of the total compounds analyzed, which was manganese with a value of 9953.00 mg/L before the ETE and 11.78 mg/L after the ETE, and the CONAMA 430/11 legislation allows the release of effluents into water bodies with only 1 mg/L of manganese. Thus, it is necessary to control the use of chemical compounds present in the tributaries, mainly reducing the substances that contain manganese, as well as a greater integration of the public, legislative and judicial sectors, with a view to improving the efficiency of the effluent in relation to the pollutants generated. for compliance with legislation. It was also evident that there is a need for more detailed characterization and constant monitoring of liquid effluents and solid waste generated by textile activity in the state of Pernambuco to measure the degree of environmental impact present in water bodies and sediments in the region. Even through the generation of biomass in the local industry, it is possible to insert it as a substitute for firewood in the boilers, thus reducing costs with the disposal and transport of waste and decreasing, to a certain extent, the environmental impacts of the textile sector. In addition to this idea, through the analysis of environmental aspects and impacts of the present laundry, environmental indicators were created and several other proposals for improvements based on cleaner production were created, in order to improve the textile production process and adapt it to the world of work, making it more competitive and environmentally efficient.