A qualidade dos cuidados aos bebês e crianças pequenas em contexto de acolhimento institucional: diálogos com a abordagem Pikler

Abstract

In the Brazilian scenario, when there is a threat or violation of children's rights, the most used practice is institutional care. We understand that the institutionalization of babies and young children can have a negative impact on their neurodevelopment, however, we also understand that institutional care is not necessarily harmful to child development, as long as the institution has the necessary conditions for full and healthy development. The main theoretical framework used in this research was the Pikler Approach, with articulation of Child Development theories (Attachment Theory, Emotional Development Theory and Neurosciences in a Historical-Cultural perspective). The Pikler Approach can be considered an educational philosophy aimed at babies and children from 0 to 3 years old, whose principles are: 1. Valuing the child's autonomy; 2. The appreciation of a privileged relationship with a reference figure; 3. The child's good image of himself and his surroundings; 4. The child's good health. Therefore, this dissertation sought to characterize the relationships established between educators / caregivers and children, from 0 to 3 years old, in a host institution in Recife-PE and, from then on, build a proposal for training interventions for social educators. From a methodological point of view, the research is characterized as qualitative, of the participant type. In relation to the procedures, for the construction of the records, we used: 1. observations; 2. videographic records of care activities at the time of cleaning (bathing and changing); 3. Interviews with educators / caregivers. The research records were analyzed using contributions from Micronegetic Analysis, Interactional Analysis and Nuclei of Meanings. The results showed that in relation to time and space, the way they are organized in the researched institution does not favor the collaboration of babies and young children in the moments of care, as well as limiting the autonomous movement during play. Our analyzes also pointed out that the constituents of the care practices present in the statements of the educators / caregivers demonstrated that the professionals still little understand about the importance of the quality and stable care practice, so that the development and constitution of the baby / child can happen. healthy way in the institutional environment. We note that this training gap of professionals directly influences their practices and from the characterization of the interactions that are established between professionals and babies / young children during care activities, specifically in the bath, we were able to identify three profiles: 1. Non-responsiveness - mechanical care; 2. Volubility - care performed either mechanically or responsively; Responsiveness - practices that come close to quality care. In view of this, we elaborated an interventional action, based on the four principles of the Pikler Approach and also considered the context of the researched institution, in order to contribute to improving the quality of the care provided, as well as enabling the reflection of professionals on the identity of the institution of welcoming, as a powerful living environment for babies / young children, and not just a waiting place.