Monitoramento espaço-temporal da cobertura vegetal do bioma caatinga no Ceará mediante imagens orbitais

Abstract

In the last years with the advancement of remote sensing based on satellite images or other platforms, it became possible to monitor different and huge areas with the several biomes in the world, to analyze and interpret the possible environmental changes brought about by processes natural and / or man-made. The SEBAL was used in this research to estimate the components of radiation and energy balances as well as the daily evapotranspiration (ETr 24h), with the objective to identify and analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics of biophysical parameters to detect environmental changes through remote sensing techniques on satellite images for the Brazilian semiarid region. The study area was the city of Iguatu, located in the state of Ceara, Brazil's semi-arid. It was used six images of the Landsat 5 and 8 satellite, in their TM and OLI/TIRS sensors between 2008 to 2015, where it was used complementary surface data: average air temperature (Tar, °C), relative humidity (RH, %), atmospheric air pressure (Po, kPa), wind speed (ux, m s-1), the global solar radiation (Rs 24h, MJ m-2 and W m-2) obtained in an automatic weather station located in own study area belonging to the INMET. The images were processed from ERDAS software, version 9.1. It was accomplished the radiometric calibration process and the conversion to radiance and reflectance in which the mathematical operations are performed by Model Maker tool. The thematic maps of biophysical parameters: Albedo, vegetation indices: NDVI, SAVI, IAF, surface temperature, instantaneous radiation balance and daily evapotranspiration were processed by ArcGis 10.2.2 software. Using descriptive statistics were to determinate the differences in the biophysical parameters before the anthropic and the local climate actions and noted the difference between ETr 24h (SEBAL) and ETo 24h FAO-56. It was observed for the different uses and land occupations the albedo values in the caatinga 0,14, in irrigated areas of 0,27, in urban area 0,31, in the water 0,04 and 0,33 to exposed soil. The vegetation indices, the NDVI was 0,32 in caatinga area, in the irrigated areas between 0,50 and 0,80. The surface temperature was 32,12°C in caatinga area, 29,37°C to irrigated area, 36,16°C to urban area, 25,55°C for water and 41,74°C for esposed soil. For the balance of instantaneous radiation in dense caatinga arbustiva, the value was 608,12 W m-2, 413,16 W m-2 for irrigated areas, 272,80 W m-2 urban areas, 720,90 W m-2 for water and 335,73 W m-2 soil exposed. The Changes of use and occupation in the soil were identified both albedo and surface temperature increased. The vegetation indices satisfactorily identified the behavior of the surrounding greenery in the town of Iguatu – CE, standing out as indicator areas degradation process in semiarid region. The radiation balance showed is closely related to the trend of the other parameters analyzed, especially the albedo and surface temperature. The ETr 24h (SEBAL) not set ETo 24h, showing that still needs to study, especially for time rainfed, ie is far from potential, giving to compare them. It is recommended that mitigation actions should be taken so that the degradation process does not become permanent, there is not so many losses in the dry, thus restore the environment, avoiding future processes of desertification.