Prospecção de rizóbios de leguminosas arbóreas em solos do semiárido brasileiro sob diferentes usos da terra

Abstract

The inoculation of tree legumes with nitrogen fixing bacteria can contribute to increase as N2 fixed amounts, being a practice of importance for input of nitrogen in places where entry of technology is reduced, such as those verified in the Brazilian Semiarid region. In addition to this, the use of efficient and competitive native rhizobia represents an important strategy for lands reclamation of the Caatinga biome. The aim of this study was to isolate, characterize, evaluate a diversity and select efficient and competitive native rhizobia to the Brazilian Semiarid region. For this, were carried out expeditions in Brazilian Semiarid region for collect soil samples (Luvisol and Ultisol) under different land use systems: native vegetation (caatinga) and areas with different agricultural systems (such as monoculture and consortium and several species). The soil samples were used for cultivation of tree two legumes in pots. Sabia (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth.) and leucena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit), were used as trap–plant to obtain nodules and served to evaluate the ability of native rhizobia to promote growth and natural nodulation. Was verified the existence of populations of bacteria naturally established with ability to nodulate the tree legumes in all land use systems evaluated. Verified a greater nodulation in the plants cultivated in the Ultisol. From nodules obtained, were isolated in YMA medium, 213 bacteria of leucena and 160 of sabia. All isolates were evaluated by ability to nitrogen fixation and form nodules, through the symbiotic genes fragments amplification (nifH and nodC). Were selected the isolates which amplified the symbiotic genes (104 isolates of sabiá and 144 of leucena), in the sequence were characterized phenotypically. Based on characteristics, the isolates were grouped and evaluated by diversity. Was verified that land use systems did not influence diversity indices. Were formed 20 groups of isolates of sabiá and 19 of leucena, representatives of the groups had the 16S rRNA gene partially sequenced to determine the taxonomic positioning. Was evidenced more promiscuity of the leucena, since it nodulated with representatives of the genus Rhizobium, Ensifer, Mesorhizobium and Burkholderia, while sabia were nodulated only by Burkholderia. The 104 isolates of sabiá and 144 of leucena were evaluated to symbiotic effectiveness in greenhouse experiments in cropping on sterile substrate, containing a mixture of sand and vermiculite. The isolates more efficient were selected and evaluated for their symbiotic effectiveness in three soils (Oxisol, Ultisol and Luvisol). The isolates 36F and 43K for leucena, 1E and 4D for sabia showed very promising for BNF.