Podridão do pé do mamoeiro: infestação em solos de cultivo, controle alternativo com indutores de resistência e Trichoderma e avaliação dos mecanismos de defesa envolvidos

Abstract

Brazil is the main papaya’s producer in the world (Carica papaya L.) and it occupies the first position producing 1,65 million tones, thus, it is an important production with economic and social value, and, in this meaning, Bahia stands out as the largest producing state with a Brazilian production of 724 tons. Many diseases cause damage to the crop by increasing the cost of production, in some cases limiting the exploitation of that production, among those we can highlight diseases like papaya root damage caused by Phytophthora palmivora. This present study aimed: 1) to achieve the level of infestation of P. palmivora in soils of plantations of papaya commercial in the Extreme South of Bahia, to better support the measures of control; 2) ) to evaluate the action of biotic and abiotic inducers in order to increase the root rot in seedlings of papaya inoculated with P. palmivora, in the activity of enzymes of defense, 1,3-glucanase, peroxidase and chitinase, as well as the lignin content of roots; and 3) to analyze the effect of species of Trichoderma spp. on control of P. palmivora etiologic agent of root rot of papaya. In evaluating of the results of infestation of the soil of papaya orchards, it was showed that in those 33 areas assessed, only two of them, the presence of P. palmivora was not found. There was also no significant differences (p <0.05) for incidence of that pathogen, as those varieties of papaya grown in samples soil evaluated. In all eight municipalities that had sampled orchards the presence of the pathogen was detected, and it showed its wide distribution in the Extreme South of Bahia. To evaluate the control of foot rot in papaya seedlings, it was noted that the treatments using ASM, except the dosage 0.15 g / L 6 days before inoculation, showed levels of larger control to the other inductors. Plants sprayed with ASM showed increased activity of peroxidase and -1,3-glucanase and a highest concentration of lignin in relation to the witness. However,these treatments have no effect on the activity of chitinase. The ASM is a potential inducer of resistance to P. palmivora for using it in the management of root rot of papaya. As the assessment of agents of biocontrol happened it was noted that as using 33 isolated of Trichoderma only 2 isolated (T70 - T. harzianum, T68 - T. virens) did not differ statistically from that treatment with the standard fungicide and showed the percentage of survival of 58.3 and 52.4 respectively. The effect of these two isolated of Trichoderma on increase of dry mass and fresh in seedlings of papaya was also evaluated and it was noted that those two isolates showed higher increases in these parameters when compared with witness. The isolated T70 and T68 showed an increase of fresh and dry mass total of 110, 73% and 59; 59% respectively, compared with those witnesses only planted in the soil. The isolates of T. harzianum and T. virens presented potential with biocontrol agent of P. palmivora for being used in the management of root rot of papaya.