Análise de estratégias didáticas, atividades e padrões de interações em salas de aula de química para a abordagem do conceito de equilíbrio químico

Abstract

The present research aimed to analyze the didactical strategies and activities adopted by two professors of chemistry when teaching the concept of chemical equilibrium, and how the patterns of interactions, established during class, contribute to the learning process of the students. By presenting itself as one of the chemical content of high conceptual complexity and considered by many students as difficult to understand this concept it is of interest for this search. The analysis took place at two schools, private and public, in Recife/PE, involving classes of the 2nd year of high school. This consisted of a study of ethnographic nature and was done in three stages: the interview with teachers and analysis of their lesson plans, direct and systematic observation of the classroom and the application of questionnaires to students in their respective classes. The approach used by these teachers is the focus of observation, considering the ratio of structural elements of the activity, the teaching strategies used and the discursive dynamics produced during the class. For the analysis of the data were used as a reference to Leontiev's Activity Theory and analytical tool for the discursive dynamics proposed by Mortimer and Scott (2002). Activity Theory was chosen as a reference for analysis by presenting important aspects of the process of teaching and learning, in which case the invariants or structural elements of the activity. The analysis of the discursive dynamics also appears important for this research because from that is possible to know how teachers interact with students in the construction of meanings in science classes. The first stage of the research allowed to know about the profile of these teachers and what was planned for the classes on the concept of chemical equilibrium. The second step that collaborated with most of the research made it possible to identify the structure of the class of two teachers and the teaching strategies used in the concept approach. And exposure of content, teaching strategy used predominantly in the case of two teachers. Regarding the discursive dynamics was also possible to identify the type of interactive speech / authority was present in the classes of two teachers. The last stage of the research allowed recognize the structural elements of activity from the perspective of the students who participated in the classes, and the reasons, objectives, content and actions identified - and the content of education seems to set the main objective for students and teachers. The situations that allowed greater interaction between teacher and students were only made possible by questions and resolving issues, held during the exhibition content by teachers, but it was not enough to engage students in a dialogic interaction. With the analysis you can see that other strategies and educational activities could have been used, so that favor greater participation of students in chemical equilibrium concept of the construction process.