Solos desenvolvidos nas bacias sedimentares do Acre e do Solimões, Amazônia Sul-Ocidental

Abstract

There are large areas of soils in the Southwestern Amazon originated of sediments from the Acre and Solimões sedimentary basins. In Acre basin arises sediments of Solimões Formation of lacustrine and alluvial origin, composed of mudstones, siltstones and sandstones. However, the Solimões basin has extensive area covered by alluvial sediments, especially in the region of Eastern Wood, south of Amazonas state. This work aimed to study soil in two geological framework of southwestern Amazon: a litosequence in the alluvial sediments of the Middle Madeira River, Solimões Basin, in order to determine the morphological, chemical, physical and mineralogical properties, and to study the processes of genesis occurring in these soils. The second geological context is the two strata of Solimões Formation in Acre Basin, consisting the Lower Solimões Formation (LSF) and Higher Solimões Formation (HSF), and aimed to identify changes in morphological, chemical, physical and mineralogical soil propoerties originated from this geological unit. In addition, was also an objective of the study to identify variations which occur in the soil properties along two toposequences in the Solimões Formation. The investigation comprising the regions of Humaitá city, Amazonas state; Nova Califórnia district, Rondônia state; Sena Madureira and Tarauacá cities, Acre state. It was studied nine soil profiles, including morphological characterization, chemical analysis (pH, exchangeable cations, available phosphorus, exchangeable aluminum, potential acidity, organic carbon); and physical (particle size, bulk and particle densisty, water dispersible clay and flocculation), sulfuric extraction and selective extractions with DCB and ammonium oxalate; analysis by x-ray fluorescence to total chemical; mineralogical analysis by x-rays diffraction using clay samples with saturation and thermal treatments, and not oriented powder of silt and clay. Additionally, analysis were performed by SEM and TEM coupled with EDS, and modeling for interstratified study. In general, we observed variations in relation to soil properties in the alluvial sediments of the Madeira River, and that fluctuation of the water table and poor drainage restricts process of leaching, also occurs mica, vermiculite, HIV, pyrophyllite, quartz and kaolinite in the clay fraction. The soils were Argissolo Amarelo Alumínico plintossólico and Cambissolo Flúvico Alumínico típico. In the Solimões Formation was observed Cambissolo Háplico Ta Eutrófico vertissólico in LSF, Nitossolo Háplico Alítico típico and Argissolo Vermelho Alítico nitossólico in the USF, a predominance of smectite, illite, kaolinite and silica in the clay fraction, and Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo Distrófico típico, the latter probably associated with Debris-Lateritic a predominance of kaolinite, quartz and gibbsite. In relation to changes in soils in different landscape positions, it was observed in the LSF there is no one variation in soil properties in upper and lower position, probablt because of the high restriction on the drainage. In USF variations are related to the values of exchangeable bases that tend to increase in the lower parts of the relief, while the exchangeable aluminum values decreases. In these soils, the mineralogy is very similar in the A and B horizons, while in depth occurs variations related to the deposition of other mineral materials.