Caracterização pedológica e diagnóstico da qualidade de solos sob plantio direto na Serra do Quilombo, sudoeste piauiense

Abstract

This research was conducted in the Cerrado of Piauí. This area has been targeted for exploitation without due concern for the preservation of natural resources, where production systems are characterized by intensive use of land. The objective of this research was to deepen knowledge about the Serra do Quilombo pedoenvironment Bom Jesus, PI, and evaluate the effect of notillage on altering the characteristics of soils cultivated with soybean. The research was conducted in two parts. The first part consists of the recognition of the soils of the Sierra. The examination of soils, identification and sampling were carried out by trenching. The samples were analyzed for morphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical composition. The analysis of the context in which the sequence of profiles is inserted, and the attributes of the analyzed soils converge to a single class of soil, the Oxisols, however, are apparently formed from parent materials with different contributions, which can be confirmed by the textural variation along the transect and the behavior of oxides. The second part was to assess changes in soil properties, due to the different times of implantation of the no-tillage system, in relation to native Cerrado. The results were submitted to variance analysis and additional analysis was used as multivariate techniques. The second part of the research consisted of two studies. The first was the effect of no-tillage on morphological attributes Yellow Latosol (Oxisol), by evaluating the color, structure and consistency, and the effect on soil physical properties: particle-size-distribution, clay dispersion, degree of clay flocculation, silt / clay comparison, bulk density and particle, total porosity, macroporosity, microporosity, aggregate stability and soil resistance to penetration. The type of management imposed on the ground, conventional till and subsequent implantation of no-tillage system, contributed to alter the morphological properties of soil such as structure and consistency, applied to horizon A. No-tillage also affected soil physical properties in relation to native Cerrado, especially in the surface layer. The second study assessed the effect of no-tillage on the chemical and biological dynamics of organic matter in the same Oxisols. We evaluated the following attributes: exchangeable cations, sum of bases, CEC, base saturation, pH, organic carbon, aluminum saturation, total nitrogen and phosphorus as chemical attributes. We also evaluated organic soil basal respiration, microbial biomass, metabolic quotient and microbial quotient, and for the dynamics of organic matter we used physical and chemical fractionation. The management of the ground solo with conventional cultivation and subsequent implantation of notillage system also altered the chemical and biological soil compared with native Cerrado. As for the physical fractionation of organic matter, some fractions showed significant effect, deferring the soil of the native Cerrado of cultivated soils under no-tillage system, however for the chemical fractions of organic matter there was no significant effect.