Diversidade de Manilkara Adans. (Sapotaceae) para o Nordeste do Brasil.

Abstract

In Brazil, the genus Manilkara consist of 19 species, presenting registers in Atlantic forest, Amazonia, Caatinga and Cerrado formations. Nowadays, taxonomy has received support from other sciences as an auxiliary tool in the taxa delimitation. Thus, data relation may contribute in projects to determine endangered population and priority areas for conservation. Facing the need for Manilkara species information, this study aimed to provide data of taxonomy, real and potential geographical distribution, morphoanatomic analysis and primers selection of Manilkara species that occur in the northeast of Brazil. The studied material was from botanical collection in some municipalities from Northeast and inquiry to Brazilian herbaria (ALCB, ASE, BHCB, CEPEC, EAC, HB, HST, HUESF, INPA, IPA, JPB, MAC, MBM, MBML, PEUFR, R, RB, SP, SPSF, TEPB, UEC, UFP, UFRN, UFPR, VIC, VIES). 12 native species of Manilkara (M. bidentata, M. cavalcantei, M. dardanoi, M. decrescens, M. elata, M. longifolia, M. maxima, M. multifida, M. paraensis, M. rufula, M. salzmannii and M. triflora) had the main recognition structures described and presented in an identification key, giving an overall view about the main morphological features, conservation status, blossom period and environment occurrence. The studies of distribution pointed out areas with greater register and the modeling, throughout the Maxent algorithm, showed the potential geographical distribution, doing predictions of areas with adequate occurrence of Manilkara species. 358 registers of georeferenced collection were compiled, beyond seven environmental variables, being one topographical and six bioclimatic, both the modeling analysis and the principal components analysis (PCA). The environmental variables were tested to understand what factors could influence in the distribution. From geographical origins, the maps generated allowed to visualize four patterns of species distribution: Amazon pattern, Amazon-Atlantic, Atlantic and Caatinga-Cerrado; with species presenting disjunct distribution (M. elata), restricted distribution (M. dardanoi, M. decrescens, M. maxima and M. multifida) and occurrence of large scale distribution (M. salzmannii). The principal component analysis pointed out the average temperature, minimum temperature of the coldest month, maximum temperature of the hottest month, annual rainfall and rainfall of the wettest month as the factors that contributed to the distribution of these species in Amazon biome. The rainfall of the wettest month and the rainfall of the driest month as the most striking to the occurrence of species restricted to the coast of Bahia. According to the data, the coastal areas of the Bahia state and the vegetation areas with influence of the Amazon biome record higher occurrence, allowing classify these areas as diversity centers of Manilkara species. A morphoanatomical assay of leaves was carried out following the usual protocols in anatomy. The obtained data complemented the taxonomic studies, giving more robustness to the proposal of synonimization of Manilkara huberi specie, in addition to more features to the recognition of species. Also, were preliminarily pointed out the informative primers ISSR for Manilkara. Samples followed the usual protocols, adjusting them when necessary, for the amplifications. From 35 tested primers, 18 generated polymorphic bands, ranging from three to 15 bands per primer. The primers 853, 855, 856 and 857 amplified bands of better quality being considered more informative for Manilkara, subsidizing important data for studies of genetic diversity of the genus. It should be emphasized, however, the need for further molecular analysis to enable the execution of projects or programs for the conservation of these species.