Sustentabilidade em manguezal de ambiente insular; indicadores sustentáveis aplicáveis a realidade socioeconômica e ambiental da gestão da Baía de Sueste, Fernando de Noronha, Pernambuco (Brasil)

Abstract

The Fernando de Noronha State District is the Brazilian island environment with more residents and a flow of tourists. It has 21 islands, being a World Heritage Site for its unique biodiversity and lush natural landscape, which attracts visitors from all over the world. This island region is affected by climate change changes and human activities, where negative impacts are considered problematic for the efficient and sustainable management of the Archipelago. The biotic and abiotic characteristics of this environment have changed since its settlement, and numerous significant environmental impacts have been observed, including the presence of invasive species. Leucena is present in the Archipelate, being considered as one of the 100 most aggressive invasive species by the world scientific community. In order to understand the dynamics of the island environment and seek strategies for raising environmental quality, the use of sustainability indicators (environmental quality and carbon footprint) were essential, being close to the Sustainable Development Goals. This time, the research is organized in four chapters: Chapter 1 - Bibliometrics from 2010 to 2018 on the problem and management of invasive plant species in island environments. Chapter 2 - Sustainable management in islands: an analysis of the Fernando de Noronha - PE Archipelago Management Plans. Chapter 3 - Biological invasion in islands: analysis of the spatial distribution Leucaena leucocephala [Lam.] de Wit in a protected area of the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago - PE (Brazil). Chapter 4 - Carbon Footprint Assessment of Air Travel to Island Destination: Study of the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago - PE (Brazil). The results show that the scientific community studies the negative effects of the biologic invasions, being necessary the adoption of practices and actions for their eradication and control in islands. The reduction of conservation and environmental preservation areas occurred because of the growing tourist flow in the region, and conflicts were observed in the most different land uses and occupations. The increase of the population of Leucena compromises the floristic biodiversity of the island, having impact on the existing fauna. In less dense monospecific forests it is advisable to take actions to develop sustainable management practices (physical, chemical and biological processes). Regarding Greenhouse Gas Emissions, air travel between the Brazilian continent and the Archipelago made a significant contribution. The reduction of tourists in the archipelago is one of the main ways of controlling this pollution. This measure is in line with the Support Capacity Study and GHG emission reduction. Given the results presented, it is expected that these inputs will help in decision making for the management of natural resources in the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, following the precepts of the Sustainable Development Goals.