Bactérias diazotróficas na fixação biológica de nitrogênio em cana-de-açúcar e na decomposição de resíduos orgânicos da agroindústria canavieira

Abstract

Nitrogen fertilization in sugarcane in the first crop cycle has been widely used to maintain adequate productivity. This fertilization impacts the environment and costs the production costs of the crop. Thus, it is necessary to find alternatives to minimize this problem, such as biological fixation, which can be associated with organic residues of the sugarcane agribusiness, such filter cake and/or vinasse, can supply nitrogen (N) by potentiating the residue on the bacteria, without deleterious effect on them. These residues are important sources of phosphorus and potassium, but relatively poor in N. Other, they need to be decomposed, a process of mineralization of organic matter by microorganisms. Therefore, diazotrophic bacteria can exert this role of accelerating the decomposition, aiding the nutrition of the sugarcane. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inoculation of diazotrophic bacteria combined with the application of filter cake (TF) in the second cycle of sugarcane cultivation in different varieties and to study the decomposition of agroindustrial residues inoculated with these bacteria in Solos of contrasting textures. An experiment was conducted with two sugarcane varieties (RB867515 and RB92579) inoculated with two bacterial genera (Pantoea sp. and Stenotrophomonas sp.) isolated as well as the mixture of these two genera, and three controls (without and with nitrogen and residual control of inoculation in the cane plant). Four evaluations were made at 180, 240, 300 and 360 days after regrowth (DAR), where were evaluated the nitrogenase activity (AN), the contribution of biological N fixation (FBN) by the natural abundance method of 15N. Chlorophyll a and b in the diagnostic leaf, vegetative growth (diameter, height and number of leaves). At 240 DAR was determined the nutritional status and at 360 DAR was measured the agricultural and industrial productivity. Other experiment was carried in a greenhouse with eight treatments: compost, filter cake (TF), (TF + vinasse), (compound + vinasse), inoculated and not inoculated with a mixture of the Pantoea sp. and Stenotrophomonas sp. In the soils, sandy and clayey with four replicates. The residues were packed in litter bags and evaluated at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 days after the start of the study. The decomposition constant (k) of the remaining mass, the N, C and C/N ratio of the residues were evaluated. AN was influenced by inoculation and addition of TF. FBN contributed 25% of the sugarcane N, not influenced by TF, but inhibited by mineral N. The application of TF potentiated the absorption of N, independent of the variety. It favored photosynthetic pigmentation only in variety RB92579. The productivity of the fertilized plants did not differ from those inoculated, regardless of the TF. A k decreased with time and TF decomposition was enhanced when combined with vinasse and/or inoculated. The N mineralization rate at the beginning of the waste decomposition was higher than that of the C, mainly in the vinasse and inoculated treatments, increasing the C/N ratio, which only decreased in the second half of the decomposition period.