Comunidade,dinâmica populacional e variabilidade espacial de nematóide em áreas de cultivo da cana-de-açúcar sob diferentes condições edafoclimáticas no Nordeste

Abstract

Community trophic structure and spatial distribution of nematodes, in particular Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus zeae, in soil at field renovation and harvest of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) are fundamentals for understanding shifts in population dynamic and consequent effects on crop production. The objectives of the present study were 1) to characterize plant parasitic nematode community, correlate trophic groups, and asses the influence of crop field renovation and harvest period on nematode community under different edaphic and climatic conditions at Northeastern Brazil; 2) to compare variations on population density of Meloidogyne sp. and Pratylenchus sp. in areas with different edaphic and climatic attributes, from crop field renovation to harvest, using regression models and the area under population density curve (AUPDC) of the nematode to evaluate the variations; and 3) to characterize the magnitude of spatial dependence of Pratylenchus sp. population densities in sugarcane roots and map the populationdensities using geostatistics. Evaluations were carried out in Zone of North and South Mata of Pernambuco and South Cost of Paraíba, in costal tables and swamp, lean and sheet lands. The results pointed out that plant parasitic nematodes population dynamic is dependent on physic-chemical soil characteristics and possible sugarcane variety. In lean and sheet lands from South and irrigated costal table from North Mata Zone of Pernambuco, the dominance of plant parasitic nematodes tended to increase highly along with crop development, although decrease in taxa abundance was registred. Contrary situation occurred in no irrigated costal table (North Mata of Pernambuco and South Coast of Paraíba) and lean landof North Mata of Pernambuco. In swamp lands, abundance and dominance of plantparasitic nematodes and the other taxa seem to be lowly affected during crop season. Among the plant parasitic nematodes Meloidogyne sp. and Pratylenchus sp. were the dominant taxa in all areas and periods evaluated, except in lean and swamp lands from South Mata at harvest in which the dominant taxa were Helicotylenchus sp. and Xiphinema sp. Epidemiological studies pointed out that in swamp, lean and sheet lands Pratylenchus sp. population increase described quadrate function. None of the tested model fitted Meloidogyne sp. population density on the studied areas, neither any parasite on costal tables. The lowest (P≤0.05) values of AUPDC for Meloidogyne sp., in soil or root, occur in lean and sheet lands, and the highest (P≤0.05) in costal tables and swamp. To Pratylenchus sp.the lean land and costal table showed the lowest (P≤0.05) AUPDC in soil and root, respectively. The highest (P≤0.05) AUPDC in root occur in no irrigated costal table,swamp, sheet and lean lands; and in soil in sheet and lean land. The highest reproduction factor of Pratylenchus sp., in soil or root, was verified in costal table, and the lowest in swamp in root. In swamp soil Meloidogyne sp. and Pratylenchus sp, with no association, inverse correlated with mensal precipitation. In contrast, at the same area, the highest Pratylenchus sp. population densities in root were associated to the highest mensal precipitations. In lean and sheet lands the accumulated precipitation negatively affected Meloidogyne sp. e Pratylenchus sp. population density, especially the second one, in root and soil, similarly to swamp. Geostatistic evaluations pointed out that the spherical model best fitted in all areas evaluated. In general, swamp land and costal table areas showed weak dependence in contrast with lean and sheet lands that dependence ranged from weak to strong, depending on sampling period. According to semivariograms, they are isotropic models, in which one model is enough to describe the nematode spatial variability. Thekrigagen maps showed Pratylenchus sp. spatial variability with gradual increase in sampling.