Etiologia e epidemiologia das espécies de Colletotrichum relacionadas com a antracnose em frutos de mangueira no nordeste brasileiro

Abstract

Colletotrichum species are the most important and widespread form of decay affecting mango fruit worldwide. In this study, Colletotrichum species associated with fruit anthracnose isolated from mango in northeastern Brazil were subject to molecular and morphological analyses, epidemiology and sensitivity to fungicide. The partial sequence of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) gene of 143 Colletotrichum isolates was amplified, as an initial measure of genetic diversity. A subset of 47 isolates, selected to represent the range of genetic diversity and geographic origin, were further sequenced using the partial actin (ACT), β-tubulin (TUB2), calmodulin (CAL), glutamine synthetase (GS) genes and rDNA-ITS (ITS) region. Multilocus sequence analysis, together with a critical examination of the phenotypic characters, revealed four previously described species (Colletotrichum asianum, C. fructicola, C. tropicale and C. karstii) and one new species. The new species is introduced as Colletotrichum dianesii and formally described, illustrated and compared with similar taxa. Only C. asianum and C. karstii have previously been reported from mango, while the other species represent the first report associated with the mango fruits worldwide. In general, mango cultivars were susceptible to Colletotrichum species, although C. karstii did not infect the cultivars Keith and Palmer. The highest virulence of Colletotrichum species was observed in the cultivar Tommy Atkins. All Colletotrichum species were pathogenic to host range (mango, papaya, banana, guava and sweet pepper), which deserves attention in view of the existence of constant potential inoculum source. For all Colletotrichum species temperatures between 25 and 30° C provided the highest lesions, however it was found that the species have different thermal requirements for expressing the maximum virulence in fruits. All Colletotrichum species had reduced mycelial growth in the presence of fungicides methyl thiophanate and difenoconazole an azoxystrobin, regardless of the active principle. The sensitivity response varied with the fungicide and Colletotrichum species.